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PART I--PRIMARY ASPECTS OF ORGANIZATION

SOCIAL AND INDIVIDUAL ASPECTS OF MIND

SOCIAL AND INDIVIDUAL ASPECTS OF MIND--

Moral Aspect of the Organic View--It Implies that Reform Should Be Based on Sympathy--Uses of Praise and Blame--Responsibility Broadened but Not Lost--Moral Value of a Larger View--Organic Morality Calls for Knowledge--Nature of Social Organization 13

PRIMARY GROUPS

Meaning of Primary Groups--Family, Playground, and Neighborhood--How Far Influenced by Larger Society--Meaning and Permanence of "Human Nature"--Primary Groups the Nursery of Human Nature 23

PRIMARY IDEALS

Nature of Primary Idealism--The Ideal of a "We" or Moral Unity--It Does Not Exclude Self-Assertion--Ideals Springing from Hostility--Loyalty, Truth, Service--Kindness--Lawfulness--Freedom-- The Doctrine of Natural Right--Bearing of Primary Idealism upon Education and Philanthropy 32

THE EXTENSION OF PRIMARY IDEALS

Primary Ideals Underlie Democracy and Christianity--Why They Are Not Achieved on a Larger Scale--What They Require from Personality--From Social Mechanism--The Principle of Compensation 51

PART II--COMMUNICATION

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COMMUNICATION

Meaning of Communication--Its Relation to Human Nature--To Society at Large 61

THE GROWTH OF COMMUNICATION

Pre-Verbal Communication--The Rise of Speech--Its Mental and Social Function--The Function of Writing--Printing and the Modern World--The Non-Verbal Arts 66

MODERN COMMUNICATION: ENLARGEMENT AND ANIMATION

Character of Recent Changes--Their General Effect--The Change in the United States--Organized Gossip--Public Opinion, Democracy, Internationalism--The Value of Diffusion--Enlargement of Feeling--Conclusion 80

MODERN COMMUNICATION: INDIVIDUALITY

The Question--Why Communication Should Foster Individuality--The Contrary or Dead-Level Theory--Reconciliation of These Views--The Outlook as Regards Individuality 91

MODERN COMMUNICATION: SUPERFICIALITY AND STRAIN

Stimulating Effect of Modern Life--Superficiality--Strain--Pathological Effects 98

THE ENLARGEMENT OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Narrowness of Consciousness in Tribal Society--Importance of Face-to-Face Assembly--Individuality--Subconscious Character of Wider Relations--Enlargement of Consciousness--Irregularity in Growth--Breadth of Modern Consciousness--Democracy 107

THE THEORY OF PUBLIC OPINION

Public Opinion as Organization--Agreement Not Essential--Public Opinion versus Popular Impression--Public Thought Not an Average--A Group Is Capable of Expression through Its Most Competent Members--General and Special Public Opinion--The Sphere of the Former--Of the Latter--The Two Are United in Personality--How Public Opinion Rules--Effective Rule Based on Moral Unity 121

WHAT THE MASSES CONTRIBUTE

The Masses the Initiators of Sentiment--They Live in the Central Current of Experience--Distinction or Privilege Apt to Cause Isolation--Institutional Character of Upper Classes--The Masses Shrewd Judges of Persons--This the Main Ground for Expecting that the People Will Be Right in the Long Run--Democracy Always Representative--Conclusion 135

DEMOCRACY AND CROWD EXCITEMENT

The Crowd-Theory of Modern Life--The Psychology of Crowds--Modern Conditions Favor Psychological Contagion--Democracy a Training in Self-Control--The Crowd Not Always in the Wrong--Conclusion; the Case of France 149

DEMOCRACY AND DISTINCTION

The Problem--Democracy Should Be Distinguished from Transition--The Dead-Level Theory of Democracy--Confusion and Its Effects--"Individualism" May Not Be Favorable to Distinguished Individuality--Contemporary Uniformity--Relative Advantages of America and Europe--Haste, Superficiality, Strain--Spiritual Economy of a Settled Order--Commercialism--Zeal for Diffusion--Conclusion 157

THE TREND OF SENTIMENT

Meaning and General Trend of Sentiment--Attenuation--Refinement--Sense of Justice--Truth as Justice--As Realism As Expediency--As Economy of Attention--Hopefulness 177

THE TREND OF SENTIMENT--

Nature of the Sentiment of Brotherhood--Favored by Communication and Settled Principles--How Far Contemporary Life Fosters It--How Far Uncongenial to It--General Outcome in this Regard--The Spirit of Service--The Trend of Manners--Brotherhood in Relation to Conflict--Blame--Democracy and Christianity 189

PART IV--SOCIAL CLASSES

THE HEREDITARY OR CASTE PRINCIPLE

Nature and Use of Classes--Inheritance and Competition the Two Principles upon which Classes Are Based--Conditions in Human Nature Making for Hereditary Classes--Caste Spirit 209

CONDITIONS FAVORING OR OPPOSING THE GROWTH OF CASTE

Three Conditions Affecting the Increase or Diminution of Caste-- Race-Caste--Immigration and Conquest--Gradual Differentiation of Functions; Mediaeval Caste; India--Influence of Settled Conditions--Influence of the State of Communication and Enlightenment--Conclusion 217

THE OUTLOOK REGARDING CASTE

The Question--How Far the Inheritance Principle Actually Prevails--Influences Favoring Its Growth--Those Antagonizing It--The Principles of Inheritance and Equal Opportunity as Affecting Social Efficiency--Conclusion 229

OPEN CLASSES

The Nature of Open Classes--Whether Class-Consciousness Is Desirable--Fellowship and Co?peration Deficient in Our Society--Class Organization in Relation to Freedom 239

HOW FAR WEALTH IS THE BASIS OF OPEN CLASSES

Impersonal Character of Open Classes--Various Classifications--Classes, as Commonly Understood, Based on Obvious Distinctions--Wealth as Generalized Power--Economic Betterment as an Ideal of the Ill-Paid Classes--Conclusion 248

ON THE ASCENDENCY OF A CAPITALIST CLASS

The Capitalist Class--Its Lack of Caste Sentiment--In What Sense "the Fittest"--Moral Traits--How Far Based on Service--Autocratic and Democratic Principles in the Control of Industry--Reasons for Expecting an Increase of the Democratic Principle--Social Power in General--Organizing Capacity--Nature and Sources of Capitalist Power--Power over the Press and over Public Sentiment--Upper Class Atmosphere 256

ON THE ASCENDENCY OF A CAPITALIST CLASS--

The Influence of Ambitious Young Men--Security of the Dominant Class in an Open System--Is There Danger of Anarchy and Spoliation?--Whether the Sway of Riches Is Greater Now than Formerly--Whether Greater in America than in England 273

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ILL-PAID CLASSES

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