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I--CHILDHOOD AND EARLY YOUTH 1

The wilderness physician--Alto--Birth of Kern--Playing doctor--Life in Iowa--The partisan of 1860--Kokomo Academy--The equestrian orator--The pedagogue--Alto society--A temperance speech--The actor in "The Demon of the Glass"--The boy orator--Ann Arbor days--Letters to Morrow--Visit to Canada--The slate-maker of 1868--Views on Indiana politics--Hears Gough, Philips and Whipple--Work in the Douglas Society--His reconstruction views--Hears Zack Chandler--His thesis--Graduation--Taken for a maniac.

II--KOKOMO DAYS--LAWYER AND CITIZEN 27

"Tipton no place for a LL. D."--Opens office in Kokomo--Anna Hazzard calls--Prospects--Office loafers--The "boys"--His popularity--Considered a genius--C. C. Shirley's recollections--Eloquence before juries--Pranks in court--Buys a cake--Marriage--Takes first rank as criminal lawyer--Battle with Hendricks and Gordon--Hendricks predicts brilliant future--The Hawkins case--Court battle with Voorhees--Voorhees' tribute--The Kokomo of the seventies--The community orator.

County convention of 1870--Kern writes resolutions--Nominated at twenty for legislature--Brilliant campaign--Pays election bet--Helps establish Democratic paper--Writes for papers--Democratic convention of 1872--Establishes a Greeley paper--Rides in political processions--Makes reform fight in 1874--The McGill machine--Active in '76--His keynote--Addresses "hack drivers on Indiana avenue"--Phillipic against Worden--His regrets--Opposed to Tilden's nomination--"I'm a liar"--Attacked in the press--A Scurrilous story--Campaign of '82--His views on money in elections--The faith of his followers.

IV--REPORTER OF THE SUPREME COURT, 1884-1889 68

Seeks nomination for reporter of Supreme Court--The great convention of '84--Nominated--A spirited campaign--Wins state reputation--Challenges Holstein to debate--Considered gubernatorial timber--Recollections of his campaign of '84--His retorts--Evenings with ballads--Work as reporter--Joke on Judge Niblack--Extends acquaintance--A day of conviviality--Defeated in 1888--Marriage to Miss Cooper--The Indianapolis lawyer.

V--LEADER IN THE INDIANA SENATE, '93 AND '95 88

Elected to state senate--Conceded leadership--His appearance--Nominated Turpie--Espouses an unpopular cause--Relations with labor organizations--Leads fight to legalize unions--His speech for Deery bill--Attracts national notice--Unpopularity of labor--Leads senate fight for employers' liability law--Dramatic incidents--A signal triumph--Fights for child labor law--Leads minority in 1895--Fights Republican gerrymander--Excoriates Republican legislative record--The Nicholson law--Kern's part--Estimate of colleague.

VI--EUROPE AND THE CAMPAIGN OF '96 114

Rest in Europe--Meets Alton B. Parker--General Collins--Paris days with Morss--The silver pre-convention debate--The English opera house meeting--Kern's speech--The convention--Kern enters campaign--Effect of developments on him.

Political conditions in 1900--Kern declines to run for governor--The Morss dinner--Accepts at midnight--Frank B. Burke--Kern nominated--The campaign--Defeat--Speech at Bryan birthday dinner--Recognized as Bryan's Indiana lieutenant--Keynote speech in 1902--The battle of 1904--Kern supports Parker--Refuses nomination for governor--Consents on plea of Parker--Parker's verification--Defeat.

Europe for rest--Green Smith--Incongruous tourists--Joke on Smith--Catches cold in campaign of 1906--Forced to Asheville--Life there--Letters to John, Jr.--Recovers.

X--BATTLE FOR THE SENATE 188

Kern announces candidacy for senate--Opposed by the breweries--The other candidates--Lamb's warning against secret ballot--Scenes at the Denison--At the state house--Analysis of vote--Defeated--Alibis--The famous Morrow interview--Convention of 1910--"The Governor's Plan"--The fight--Kern's attempt to refuse the nomination--Meredith Nicholson's comment--Nominated--Beveridge's position--Kern's keynote--Views on the speech--Fight for progressive Democrat votes--Kern's attacks--"Mary of the vine-clad cottage"--Roosevelt, Bryan and Parker--Victory.

Demoralization of Republicans in congress--New Democratic senators--Their progressive trend--They rally about Kern--Kern leads fight for reorganization--Nominates Shively for leader--Named on Steering committee--On Finance committee--Favors Shively for the place--Relations with Shively--A famous pension speech--Canadian reciprocity--The "Farmer's lobby"--The Lawrence strike--Position in Stephenson case--The Archibald impeachment.

The Lorimer election--His vindication--A new investigation--Kern on committee--Scenes at the hearings--The sinister atmosphere--The committee division--Lea and Kenyon--Affectionate relations of the three--Kern's base of operations--Scurrilous letters--Kern's cross-examination--The Blumenberg incident--The girl telegrapher--Attempts to postpone committee report--Kern's insistence--The committee fight--The minority report--Kern the dominating figure--Kenyon's estimate--Lea's--John Callan O'Loughlin--Kern's speech--Challenges Lorimer's supporters--Lorimer attacks Kern--Why Kern did not reply--Lorimer expelled.

Kern hears of fight on Parker--His embarrassment--Refuses temporary chairmanship--Bryan's reasons for not being a candidate--Bryan decides on Kern--Efforts to dissuade Bryan--Bryan's testimony on the subject--A sleepless night--Kern plans his appeal to Parker--Tells Mrs. Kern--The convention scene--Bryan nominates Kern--Kern's dramatic appeal--The effect on the public--A surprise to Bryan--Bryan's delight--His description of Kern's speech--Kern chairman Platform committee--Kern the dark horse--His pre-convention attitude--Bryan's knowledge of his embarrassment--"Testing sentiment for Kern"--"Wilson or Kern"--Luke Lea--Kern loyal to Marshall--Important states ready to go to Kern--If Kern had given consent--Reasons for refusal--Bryan's attitude--Kern's influence on result.

A Democratic senate--The grave responsibility--Ugly memories--New Democratic senators--Reorganization movement--Kern absent from conferences--A telegram--Conferences at Luke Lea's home--Kern chosen by progressives for leader--His special qualifications--Elected unanimously--His conciliatory policy--Revolution in committees--Changes in rules--The country's interpretation of the revolution.

Feudalism in West Virginia coal fields--The system--The horrors of Cabin Creek--Reign of the gun-men--War of 1912--Unionism outlawed--Ernest Gaujot the King Guard--Outrages on women and children--"I don't hear my baby calling me now"--Battle of Mucklow--Mother Jones--Leads miners to governor--Gun-men must go--Mother Jones organizes men--Governor appoints investigating committee--Its report--Armored train shoots up miner's camp--Murder of Estep--Martial law--Mother Jones arrested--System enforces silence--The public wonders--Mrs. Freemont Older--Magazine exposes--Constitutional rights denied--Civil courts ignored--Mockery of trials--Kern presents resolution--Powerful interests alarmed--Pressure on Kern--Sinister fight on resolution--Kern hears from people--Mrs. Older sees him--"Will see you in hell first"--Bitter attack on Kern--Mother Jones smuggles telegram to him--A dramatic incident--Effect of telegram--Mother Jones released--Goes to Washington--Her work there--Kern's first speech--Demands light--Kern's second speech--Warns of social injustice--States rights--Wins the fight--Result of investigation.

Industrial Relations Commission--Kern's interest--Attempt to cut its appropriation--Kern's successful protest--The Seamen's bill--Slavery of the sea--Andrew Furseth--His appeal to Kern--Kern's attitude--Accompanies Furseth to the president--Furseth's anniversary letter to Kern--The Kern Workman's Compensation Act--The Child Labor Bill--Kern's part--His fight in caucus--Vardaman drops the curtain--Kern leads fight in senate--Excoriates a preacher--His effective use of President Eliot's letter.

Responsibility of leadership--On guard--Conciliation--The absentees--A jocular rebuke--Threatens slacker with denunciation--Summer of 1914--Temper of congress--Work in caucus and conferences--The one revolt--Smokes Penrose out--The president's program--Kern's tact and temper--Why he did not speak--Relations with the president--Opinion of him--Night conference in capitol basement--Strike conference in Kern's room--Letter to Mrs. Kern--Concern over international situation--White House conference on Germany--Relations with Bryan, McAdoo, Daniels and Wilson--Opinion of Lane--Estimates of Senators Thomas, O'Gorman and Saulsbury--Relations with Republicans.

Indiana campaign of 1916--Comedy and tragedy--Blunders of national leaders--Lack of money and organization--Speakers refused--Kern's advice ignored--His plan--His illness--Handicaps of campaign--Mother Jones reports--Last campaign speech--Philosophical in defeat.

Last session--Retains leadership--Failing health--Shadows of war--Kern's distress--The President's senate speech--Kern delighted--On arming merchant ships--Kern's valedictorian--Henry Cabot Lodge's response--Hoke Smith's--Watson's--Stone's--Thomas'--Testimonial of Democratic senators--Vice-president's note.

XX--THE REAL KERN: A COMPOSITE PORTRAIT 403

The Kern of the closet--Solving problems in solitude--Powers of concentration--Patience--Patience under attack--Tireless letter writer--Art of his letters--Manner of preparing speeches--Religious nature--Rebukes a minister--Letter on death of a child--Personal appearance--The companion--Reminiscences and stories of Henry Barnhart, Ludlow and Blodgett--Leon Bailey's picture.

Kerncliffe--Mrs. Strauss on "The House that Araminta Built"--Kern's hope for rest--Failing health--At Asheville--Lecture tour--Breakdown--Ordered back to Asheville--Letters to sons--Last days--Death--The burial at Kerncliffe--Memorial meeting at Indianapolis--Senate action--Secretary of Labor Wilson's tribute.

LIFE OF JOHN W. KERN

CHILDHOOD AND EARLY YOUTH

In the forties the constant stream of sturdy pioneers pouring into Indiana from the eastern and southern states began the work of redeeming the state from the wilderness. These early settlers were a hardy folk, adventurous, inured to toil, and strong of character. In 1840 the first white man settled in Harrison township in Howard county, albeit the locality had been a paradise for trappers for several years before a permanent settlement was made. It was a country of rich soil, but heavily wooded with primeval forests, and many years of assiduous labor were to intervene before the stumps could be cleared from the fields or the highways be made at all passable in bad weather. Almost immediately after the first white man established a permanent home in the township a water mill was built, and about it a settlement sprang up which took the name of Alto. Soon the village boasted--and the word is used advisedly--three stores, three cabinet shops, a blacksmith shop, a boot and shoe shop, and during the first two years of its existence it did as much business as Kokomo, a few miles distant. Here was constructed the first church in the township, a large one built of logs, which was to serve as a place of worship for many years. And in the middle of the first decade of the existence of this settlement in the wilderness Dr. Jacob Harrison Kern moved to the village, built a home and opened an office.

Doctor Kern's great grandfather, Adam Kern, had emigrated from Germany about the middle of the eighteenth century, with ten children, seven of whom were boys, and settled in Frederick county, Virginia. One of his sons, the grandfather of Doctor Kern, had made his home at Kernstown, Virginia, about four miles south of Winchester, where six sons were born, the eldest, Nicholas, and the father of the future medical adviser of Alto, having first looked out upon the world on the third anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, and in the midst of the revolutionary war. He was the father of ten children, the sixth of whom, born in December, 1813, was christened Jacob Harrison. In 1838 Dr. Kern, accompanied by three of his brothers, moved to Shelby county, Indiana, bringing with them an old negro woman known as "Aunt Giny," whom they set free. A little later the doctor, who appears to have been a victim of the wanderlust after leaving his Virginia home until his ultimate return, moved to Warren county, Ohio, where he began the practice of medicine. Here he met and married a Nancy Ligget, who is remembered by her daughter as "a comely woman, tall, rather slender and with black hair and eyes." Here the first child, Sally, was born in 1845, and soon after this event the little family moved to Alto.

Doctor Kern was a rather stern, grimly serious man, of exceptional professional capacity, and strong mentality, and his reputation as a physician spread through the surrounding country, resulting in an extensive practice for miles about. He was what is popularly known as a "strong character," possessed of little of the sense of humor with which his more celebrated son was so abundantly gifted. Asked for a description or characterization of him, the few, now living, who remember him almost invariably hesitate and begin with the comment, "Well, it is rather difficult to describe him. He was an unusual man--different from most men. He had a fine mind and a fine character." His son remembered him with an affection in which admiration predominated. He was cast in the Puritanic mould, abhorring indolence and vice, preaching and practicing frugality and toil.

At the edge of the village he built a home which was considered a pretentious structure for the time and place, although it consisted of but two rooms. The fact that instead of being a rough log hut it was weatherboarded and had "two front doors" was enough to stamp it in the wilderness as the abode of the patrician of the community.

Here on December 20, 1849, just nine years after the first white man settled in the township, John Worth Kern was born.

The first five years of his life were spent in the house with the "two front doors" and differed in no wise from the early childhood of the other children of the wilderness community except that he had more of the comforts than fell to the lot of many others. The only picture of the future senator of that period that is preserved is in the memory of the venerable sister--a picture of the boy in his favorite amusement, sitting astride an old discarded saddle on a carpenter horse with a pair of saddle bags filled with powders and bottles, going to visit an imaginary patient, and solemnly giving instructions to "give him one powder every hour till Monday, and if he 'plains of it give it to him agin."

In 1854 Doctor Kern moved with his family to Warren county, Iowa, where the next nine years were spent near Indianola in pleasant surroundings, with congenial neighbors, and in the midst of plenty. Here we get our first glimpse of the future partisan in an incident connected with the Lincoln-Douglas campaign of 1860. From his earliest boyhood he knew he was a Democrat and he took no pains to conceal the fact. During the dramatic campaign of 1860 he frequently drove to Indianola with a load of wood, and on these expeditions he attracted attention by his vociferous yelling for Douglas. On going to town after the election, he was accosted by a friend of his father's with the query as to how he felt over the result.

"Like Lazarus," snapped the eleven-year-old partisan.

"Why, how is that?" he was asked.

"Like I'd been licked by the dogs," was the quick retort.

After the death of Mrs. Kern the doctor soon lost his taste for far western life and in 1865 he returned with his two children to Alto, which was to remain the home of the family until after the only son commenced his professional career.

At the time young John returned to the house of his nativity, a tall, lightly built youth of fifteen, he immediately was accorded a position of leadership among the boys and girls of his own age. The social activities of the community were of a simple nature and revolved about the church. The young people met at the Sunday school services in the old log Methodist church, and at the Cobb church a mile distant from the village, for gossip and flirtations, and it was in connection with the Sunday school that the future statesman first attracted attention to his precocious ability. I am indebted to Mr. Jackson Morrow, a life-long friend, for a description of this event. "John was then an active member of the Alto Methodist Sunday school," he writes. "In that day the annual Sunday school celebration was the great social event of the community. In the community were numerous country churches and each maintaining its Sunday school. It was during the summer of 1865 that there was held in a beautiful grove adjoining Alto a celebration of rather more than ordinary merit. It was an all-day affair. The forenoon was devoted to singing by the various schools in attendance and an address by a local celebrity. Then followed the picnic dinner--a sumptuous affair requiring an hour and a half for its disposal. The afternoon was largely given over to recitations and the reading of original papers by selected members of the several schools. John Kern represented the Alto school with a paper. His theme was Temperance. He attacked the saloon and drunkenness in a vigorous manner. It was really an able paper and read in his clear, incisive and earnest manner captured the large audience. From every quarter the comment was heard that if a mere boy could make such an address much could be expected of him when he became a man. The paper was singled out for publication in the county paper."

About this time he entered the Old Kokomo Normal, an educational institution much superior to most of the Indiana schools of that period. The building, a commodious one, had been erected several years before by the people of Kokomo and the surrounding country with the view to giving their children the advantage of training in the elements of higher learning and to fit them for teaching in the public schools. The head of the school at the time was Prof. E. N. Fay, a college graduate and a man of scholarly attainments, and he had surrounded himself with a competent corps of assistants. While attending the Normal young Kern lived at his home in Alto, riding his horse to Kokomo in the morning and returning in the evening. For the sake of economy he took his lunch with him. The six-mile stretch of mud road between his home and the county seat was impassable during much of the winter except on horseback. In zero weather the ambitious youth suffered severely, but having developed the habit of declaiming his lessons, and making speeches to his nag during these trips, he managed to neutralize the effect of the weather by vigorous gesticulation and an unsparing exercise of his lungs.

At the Normal young Kern is described by Mr. Morrow as "a brilliant scholar but not a plodder." He seemed to absorb the matter of the textbooks without effort. "In the study of English Grammar he particularly excelled," writes Morrow. "He studied language not to get its dull formulas, but to know how most forcibly and clearly to express his thoughts."

It was during his Normal days that Kern determined definitely upon the study of law.

While Doctor Kern would have defrayed the expenses of his son's legal education, the latter was of an independent nature and preferred to pay his own way. With the view to making the money required for a course of legal instructions in a university, he took the examination for a teacher's license before he was sixteen, and while the examination was conducted by Rawson Vaile, a graduate of Amherst College and a stickler for thoroughness, he made a very high grade and was granted a twenty-four months' license, which was the highest permissible by the county examiner. Here enters the pedagogue.

The young teacher took charge of his first school at the age of fifteen, and taught two terms, but in different schools, as he never failed to observe in later years in an attempt to belittle his professional ability. His first experience as a teacher was in the home school at Alto, and in the winter of '66-7 he taught in what is still popularly known as "the old Dyar school house," about three miles east of Alto, in the country. The John Kern of this period is described by one of the students as "tall, straight, boyish in appearance, not particular in his personal appearance, usually having his trousers over a boot strap." Those still living who knew the future senator as a country school teacher take issue with his own estimate of his success. His methods of instruction were those of an original thinker, and ignoring the hard and fast rules, he succeeded in creating an interest among the students with gratifying results. I am indebted to Albert B. Kirkpatrick, one of his students who was in later years to cross swords with him at the bar, for some interesting recollections which reflect light on the character of the youthful pedagogue:

"The school was large for a country school, about sixty, some boys and girls larger than the teacher. On the playgrounds Kern was one of the boys, and you would scarcely know from his conduct that he was a teacher. One day he ordered a large boy to stand upon the floor and on his refusal Kern told him he could do that or take a whipping. After school he kept the stubborn rebel, together with two other boys as witnesses, and proceeded to administer the castigation which, according to report, was quite severe. One day a dispute arose as to the ownership of a rabbit some boy had caught. Kern acted as presiding judge and found that the boy in possession of the rabbit was not the rightful owner, and fixed as his punishment the restoration of the rabbit and the infliction of lashes, which he proceeded to lay on.

"Kern was good in the common school branches, and he especially delighted to read in McGuffey's Sixth Reader from Patrick Henry and other oratorical notables. He was fine in the school house debates and generally covered about half the school house in his orations, gesticulating wildly and speaking at the top of his voice.

"He was not methodical in his teaching, but original, and the students seemed to learn rapidly. They liked him, as a rule, although he did not then possess those remarkable social qualities that characterized him in after years."

The "school house debates" referred to were features of the Dyar school literary and debating society, which owed its existence to Kern's initiative and bore the pretentious name of the Platonian. It was during the period when the country was torn over the problems of reconstruction, and these furnished the topics for the debates. The sixteen-year-old teacher invariably took part, and his chief competitor was usually Jesse Yager, described as "a solid, substantial citizen of the community and a man of great ability." In these discussions Kern invariably took a positive stand in favor of a liberal policy toward the white people of the southern states who had returned to their allegiance, and the carpet bagger usually came in for an unmerciful scoring. One who often heard him in those days, Jackson Morrow, in recalling the earnestness and vigor of the boy orator, expresses the opinion that these speeches "would have reflected credit upon the best statesmen of the period." Such views as were held and advocated by the young school teacher were bold indeed for the time and place. Passions still ran high, and Howard county was extreme in its republicanism of the Thad Stevens variety. Strangely enough, the boldness of the pedagogue in no wise detracted from his personal popularity and served to enhance his reputation. Many years afterward, when Kern, soon after his nomination for vice-president, returned to Kokomo to meet his old friends and neighbors in a great non-partisan reception, Jesse Yager, his polemic adversary of the Platonian days, then a very old man, occupied a place on the platform.

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