Read Ebook: The 1991 CIA World Factbook by United States Central Intelligence Agency

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Official Development Assistance , which is defined as government grants that are administered with the promotion of economic development and welfare of LDCs as their main objective and are concessional in character and contain a grant element of at least 25%; and

Other Official Flows or transactions by the official sector whose main objective is other than development-motivated or whose grant element is below the 25% threshold for ODA. OOF transactions include official export credits , official equity and portfolio investment, and debt reorganization by the official sector that does not meet concessional terms.

Aid is considered to have been committed when agreements are initialed by the parties involved and constitute a formal declaration of intent.

There are 247 entities in the Factbook that may be categorized as follows:

NATIONS 157 UN members and Ukraine are constituent republics of the Soviet Union) 13 nations that are not members of the UN--Andorra, Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, North Korea, San Marino, South Korea, Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vatican City

OTHER 1 Taiwan

DEPENDENT AREAS 6 Australia--Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island 2 Denmark--Faroe Islands, Greenland 16 France--Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna 2 Netherlands--Aruba, Netherlands Antilles 3 New Zealand--Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau 3 Norway--Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard 1 Portugal--Macau 16 United Kingdom--Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Isle of Man, Jersey, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands 15 United States--American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands , Virgin Islands, Wake Island

MISCELLANEOUS 7 Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western Sahara

Cannabis is the common hemp plant, provides hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana , tetrahydrocannabinol , hashish , and hashish oil .

Coca is a bush and the leaves contain the stimulant cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa which comes from cacao seeds and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter.

Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush.

Depressants are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include chloral hydrate, barbiturates , benzodiazepines , methaqualone , glutethimide , and others .

Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral change in an individual.

Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual.

Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD , mescaline and peyote , amphetamine variants , phencyclidine , phencyclidine analogues , and others .

Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant .

Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine.

Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant .

Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium , morphine , codeine , and thebaine. Semisynthetic narcotics include heroin , and hydromorphone . Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine , methadone , and others .

Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy.

Opium poppy is the source for many natural and semisynthetic narcotics.

Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried opium poppy.

Qat is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha edulis that is chewed or drunk as tea.

Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and activity, and include cocaine , amphetamines , phenmetrazine , methylphenidate , and others .

Captive register--A register of ships maintained by a territory, possession, or colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships owned in the parent country. Also referred to as an offshore register, the offshore equivalent of an internal register. Ships on a captive register will fly the same flag as the parent country, or a local variant of it, but will be subject to the maritime laws and taxation rules of the offshore territory. Although the nature of a captive register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in the parent country, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be owned abroad. The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience register, except that it is not the register of an independent state.

Flag of convenience register--A national register offering registration to a merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major flags of convenience attract ships to their register by virtue of low fees, low or nonexistent taxation of profits, and liberal manning requirements. True FOC registers are characterized by having relatively few of the ships registered actually owned in the flag state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used for ships under a given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where the majority of the merchant fleet is owned abroad. It is also referred to as an open register.

Flag state--The nation in which a ship is registered and which holds legal jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or abroad. Differences in flag state maritime legislation determine how a ship is manned and taxed and whether a foreign-owned ship may be placed on the register.

Internal register--A register of ships maintained as a subset of a national register. Ships on the internal register fly the national flag and have that nationality but are subject to a separate set of maritime rules from those on the main national register. These differences usually include lower taxation of profits, manning by foreign nationals, and, usually, ownership outside the flag state . The Norwegian International Ship Register and Danish International Ship Register are the most notable examples of an internal register. Both have been instrumental in stemming flight from the national flag to flags of convenience and in attracting foreign-owned ships to the Norwegian and Danish flags.

Merchant ship--A vessel that carries goods against payment of freight. Commonly used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately restricted to commercial vessels only.

Register--The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as listed with the maritime authorities of a country. Also, the compendium of such individual ships' registrations. Registration of a ship provides it with a nationality and makes it subject to the laws of the country in which registered regardless of the nationality of the ship's ultimate owner.

The Handbook of Economic Statistics, published annually in September by the Central Intelligence Agency, contains detailed economic information for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, Eastern Europe, the USSR, and selected other countries. The Handbook can be obtained wherever The World Factbook is available.

THE WORLD FACTBOOK

Chief of State and Head of Government--President NAJIBULLAH ; First Vice President Abdul Wahed SORABI ; Prime Minister Fazil Haq KHALIQYAR

Senate--last held NA April 1988 ; results--Hizbi Watan was the only party; seats-- Hizbi Watan 128;

House of Representatives--last held NA April 1988 ; results--Hizbi Watan was the only party; seats-- Hizbi Watan 184, opposition 50; note--members may or may not be affiliated with a political party

US--Charge d'Affaires ; Embassy at Ansari Wat, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina, Kabul; telephone 62230 through 62235 or 62436; note--US Embassy in Kabul was closed in January 1989

commodities--natural gas 55%, fruits and nuts 24%, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides, and pelts;

partners--mostly USSR and Eastern Europe

commodities--food and petroleum products;

partners--mostly USSR and Eastern Europe

Continental shelf: not specified;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

Chief of State--President of the Republic Ramiz ALIA ;

Head of Government--Prime Minister of the interim Council of Ministers Ylli BUFI ;

note--in December 1990 President ALIA allowed new political parties to be formed in addition to the AWP for the first time since 1944

President--last held 30 April 1991 ; results--President Ramiz ALIA was reelected with token opposition;

People's Assembly--last held 31 March 1991 ; results--AWP 68%, DP 25%; seats-- preliminary results AWP 168, DP 75, Omonia 5, Veterans Association 1, other 1;

note--the AWP's votes came mostly from the countryside while the DP won majorities in the six-largest cities;

commodities--asphalt, bitumen, petroleum products, metals and metallic ores, electricity, oil, vegetables, fruits, tobacco;

partners--Italy, Yugoslavia, FRG, Greece, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary

commodities--machinery, machine tools, iron and steel products, textiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals;

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